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etymology-atlas

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10
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concept
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1 value
word_count
int64
1
157
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language_count
int64
1
157
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stringlengths
83
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stringclasses
1 value
confidence
float64
0.7
1
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iecor:3
1
1
[{"form": "shaa", "language": "Pashto", "iso_639_3": "pbu", "glottocode": "yusu1238"}]
iecor
1
iecor:4
5
5
[{"form": "kh\u0101r\u0101p", "language": "Bengali", "iso_639_3": "ben", "glottocode": "beng1280"}, {"form": "khar\u0101b", "language": "Maithili", "iso_639_3": "mai", "glottocode": "mait1250"}, {"form": "k\u0332h\u0332ar\u0101ba", "language": "Hindi", "iso_639_3": "hin", "glottocode": "hind1269"}, {"form": "k\u0332h\u...
iecor
1
iecor:5
11
11
[{"form": "p\u016bst-e deraxt", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "p\u014dst", "language": "Middle Persian", "iso_639_3": "xmn", "glottocode": "pahl1241"}, {"form": "pus", "language": "Bakhtiari", "iso_639_3": "bqi", "glottocode": "bakh1245"}, {"form": "d\u0101re pus...
iecor
1
iecor:7
13
13
[{"form": "mur\u00e4", "language": "Khotanese", "iso_639_3": "kho", "glottocode": "khot1251"}, {"form": "murw", "language": "Middle Persian", "iso_639_3": "xmn", "glottocode": "pahl1241"}, {"form": "mur\u03b3", "language": "Parthian", "iso_639_3": "xpr", "glottocode": "part1239"}, {"form": "m\u01ddr\u03b3i", "language"...
iecor
1
iecor:9
2
2
[{"form": "tor", "language": "Pashto", "iso_639_3": "pbu", "glottocode": "yusu1238"}, {"form": "tor", "language": "Sarikoli", "iso_639_3": "srh", "glottocode": "sari1246"}]
iecor
1
iecor:11
14
14
[{"form": "h\u0101\u1e5b", "language": "Bengali", "iso_639_3": "ben", "glottocode": "beng1280"}, {"form": "ha\u1e0d\u1e0d\u012b", "language": "Hindi", "iso_639_3": "hin", "glottocode": "hind1269"}, {"form": "a\u1e5bi\u01f0", "language": "Kashmiri", "iso_639_3": "kas", "glottocode": "kash1277"}, {"form": "h\u0101\u1e0da...
iecor
1
iecor:12
22
22
[{"form": "s\u016bxtan", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "su\u0292yn", "language": "Ossetic: Iron", "iso_639_3": "oss", "glottocode": "iron1242"}, {"form": "so\u0292un", "language": "Ossetic: Digor", "iso_639_3": "oss", "glottocode": "digo1242"}, {"form": "s\u016b\...
iecor
1
iecor:13
1
1
[{"form": "oryaz", "language": "Pashto", "iso_639_3": "pbu", "glottocode": "yusu1238"}]
iecor
1
iecor:14
22
22
[{"form": "\u0161\u00e1ltas", "language": "Lithuanian", "iso_639_3": "lit", "glottocode": "lith1251"}, {"form": "sard", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "s\u0289r", "language": "Wakhi", "iso_639_3": "wbl", "glottocode": "wakh1245"}, {"form": "salta", "language": "Ol...
iecor
1
iecor:15
1
1
[{"form": "ratlal", "language": "Pashto", "iso_639_3": "pbu", "glottocode": "yusu1238"}]
iecor
1
iecor:18
111
111
[{"form": "me\u1e59nil", "language": "Armenian: Western", "iso_639_3": "hyw", "glottocode": "homs1234"}, {"form": "me\u1e59nel", "language": "Armenian: Eastern", "iso_639_3": "hye", "glottocode": "nucl1235"}, {"form": "m\u0101r\u0101 y\u0101o\u1e8f\u0101", "language": "Bengali", "iso_639_3": "ben", "glottocode": "beng1...
iecor
1
iecor:21
84
84
[{"form": "\u0161un", "language": "Armenian: Western", "iso_639_3": "hyw", "glottocode": "homs1234"}, {"form": "\u0161un", "language": "Armenian: Eastern", "iso_639_3": "hye", "glottocode": "nucl1235"}, {"form": "hund", "language": "Danish", "iso_639_3": "dan", "glottocode": "dani1285"}, {"form": "hond", "language": "D...
iecor
1
iecor:22
2
2
[{"form": "\u010dax\u0161\u0113d", "language": "Middle Persian", "iso_639_3": "xmn", "glottocode": "pahl1241"}, {"form": "\u01ddp\u010d\u0101\u0161ti", "language": "Sogdian", "iso_639_3": "sog", "glottocode": "sogd1245"}]
iecor
1
iecor:24
8
8
[{"form": "gard", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "garte x\u0101k", "language": "Bakhtiari", "iso_639_3": "bqi", "glottocode": "bakh1245"}, {"form": "gart", "language": "Mazanderani", "iso_639_3": "mzn", "glottocode": "maza1291"}, {"form": "gardevile", "language": ...
iecor
1
iecor:25
27
27
[{"form": "g\u016b\u0161", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "\u0263\u030ci\u1e63\u030c", "language": "Wakhi", "iso_639_3": "wbl", "glottocode": "wakh1245"}, {"form": "guh", "language": "Kurdish N.: Bahdini", "iso_639_3": "kmr", "glottocode": "nort2641"}, {"form": "q...
iecor
1
iecor:27
26
26
[{"form": "xordan", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "d\u0268xot", "language": "Kurdish N.: Bahdini", "iso_639_3": "kmr", "glottocode": "nort2641"}, {"form": "x\u00e6ryn", "language": "Ossetic: Iron", "iso_639_3": "oss", "glottocode": "iron1242"}, {"form": "xu\u00e6...
iecor
1
iecor:28
106
106
[{"form": "vo", "language": "Albanian: Gheg", "iso_639_3": "aln", "glottocode": "gheg1238"}, {"form": "jow", "language": "Armenian: Eastern", "iso_639_3": "hye", "glottocode": "nucl1235"}, {"form": "\u00e2jce", "language": "Bulgarian", "iso_639_3": "bul", "glottocode": "bulg1262"}, {"form": "\u00e2jka", "language": "Be...
iecor
1
iecor:29
1
1
[{"form": "starga", "language": "Pashto", "iso_639_3": "pbu", "glottocode": "yusu1238"}]
iecor
1
iecor:38
3
3
[{"form": "kup", "language": "Wakhi", "iso_639_3": "wbl", "glottocode": "wakh1245"}, {"form": "kava", "language": "Khotanese", "iso_639_3": "kho", "glottocode": "khot1251"}, {"form": "kapi", "language": "Sogdian", "iso_639_3": "sog", "glottocode": "sogd1245"}]
iecor
1
iecor:39
154
154
[{"form": "pes\u00eb", "language": "Albanian: Gheg", "iso_639_3": "aln", "glottocode": "gheg1238"}, {"form": "hing", "language": "Armenian: Western", "iso_639_3": "hyw", "glottocode": "homs1234"}, {"form": "hing", "language": "Armenian: Eastern", "iso_639_3": "hye", "glottocode": "nucl1235"}, {"form": "p\u0101m\u0310c"...
iecor
1
iecor:41
13
13
[{"form": "gol", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "gul", "language": "Kurdish N.: Bahdini", "iso_639_3": "kmr", "glottocode": "nort2641"}, {"form": "gol", "language": "Bakhtiari", "iso_639_3": "bqi", "glottocode": "bakh1245"}, {"form": "gu\u026b", "language": "Kurdi...
iecor
1
iecor:42
46
46
[{"form": "m\u0113g", "language": "Armenian: Western", "iso_639_3": "hyw", "glottocode": "homs1234"}, {"form": "m\u2033gla", "language": "Bulgarian", "iso_639_3": "bul", "glottocode": "bulg1262"}, {"form": "mlha", "language": "Czech", "iso_639_3": "ces", "glottocode": "czec1258"}, {"form": "mist", "language": "Flemish"...
iecor
1
iecor:44
154
154
[{"form": "kat\u00ebr", "language": "Albanian: Gheg", "iso_639_3": "aln", "glottocode": "gheg1238"}, {"form": "\u010d\u02bfors", "language": "Armenian: Western", "iso_639_3": "hyw", "glottocode": "homs1234"}, {"form": "\u010d\u02bfors", "language": "Armenian: Eastern", "iso_639_3": "hye", "glottocode": "nucl1235"}, {"f...
iecor
1
iecor:45
13
13
[{"form": "yax bastan", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "yix\u030c woc", "language": "Wakhi", "iso_639_3": "wbl", "glottocode": "wakh1245"}, {"form": "yax zeydak", "language": "Bakhtiari", "iso_639_3": "bqi", "glottocode": "bakh1245"}, {"form": "yax vandene", "lang...
iecor
1
iecor:46
14
14
[{"form": "m\u012bwah", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "maywa", "language": "Kumzari", "iso_639_3": "zum", "glottocode": "kumz1235"}, {"form": "mive", "language": "Bakhtiari", "iso_639_3": "bqi", "glottocode": "bakh1245"}, {"form": "mive", "language": "Mazanderani...
iecor
1
iecor:48
7
7
[{"form": "w\u0289\u1e63\u030c", "language": "Wakhi", "iso_639_3": "wbl", "glottocode": "wakh1245"}, {"form": "way\u0161", "language": "Yaghnobi", "iso_639_3": "yai", "glottocode": "yagn1238"}, {"form": "v\u0101stra", "language": "Avestan: Younger", "iso_639_3": "ave", "glottocode": "aves1237"}, {"form": "w\u0113\u0161...
iecor
1
iecor:53
31
31
[{"form": "krye", "language": "Albanian: Gheg", "iso_639_3": "aln", "glottocode": "gheg1238"}, {"form": "sira", "language": "Hindi", "iso_639_3": "hin", "glottocode": "hind1269"}, {"form": "sar", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "\u015b\u00edra\u1e25", "language": "...
iecor
1
iecor:54
1
1
[{"form": "aoredal", "language": "Pashto", "iso_639_3": "pbu", "glottocode": "yusu1238"}]
iecor
1
iecor:56
1
1
[{"form": "droon", "language": "Pashto", "iso_639_3": "pbu", "glottocode": "yusu1238"}]
iecor
1
iecor:58
1
1
[{"form": "wawal", "language": "Pashto", "iso_639_3": "pbu", "glottocode": "yusu1238"}]
iecor
1
iecor:60
8
8
[{"form": "\u0161ek\u0101r kardan", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "i\u0161kar\u0113d", "language": "Parthian", "iso_639_3": "xpr", "glottocode": "part1239"}, {"form": "\u0161ek\u0101r konde", "language": "Mazanderani", "iso_639_3": "mzn", "glottocode": "maza1291"...
iecor
1
iecor:67
1
1
[{"form": "ddand", "language": "Pashto", "iso_639_3": "pbu", "glottocode": "yusu1238"}]
iecor
1
iecor:68
29
29
[{"form": "xand\u012bdan", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "kand", "language": "Wakhi", "iso_639_3": "wbl", "glottocode": "wakh1245"}, {"form": "xudyn", "language": "Ossetic: Iron", "iso_639_3": "oss", "glottocode": "iron1242"}, {"form": "xodun", "language": "Osset...
iecor
1
iecor:71
14
14
[{"form": "ben", "language": "Danish", "iso_639_3": "dan", "glottocode": "dani1285"}, {"form": "been", "language": "Dutch", "iso_639_3": "nld", "glottocode": "dutc1256"}, {"form": "bein", "language": "Faroese", "iso_639_3": "fao", "glottocode": "faro1244"}, {"form": "been", "language": "Flemish", "iso_639_3": "vls", "g...
iecor
1
iecor:72
104
104
[{"form": "\u017eive\u00e2", "language": "Bulgarian", "iso_639_3": "bul", "glottocode": "bulg1262"}, {"form": "\u017eyc\u2032", "language": "Belarusian", "iso_639_3": "bel", "glottocode": "bela1254"}, {"form": "vivre", "language": "French", "iso_639_3": "fra", "glottocode": "stan1290"}, {"form": "z\u014d", "language": ...
iecor
1
iecor:76
30
30
[{"form": "m\u2033\u017e", "language": "Bulgarian", "iso_639_3": "bul", "glottocode": "bulg1262"}, {"form": "mu\u017e\u010dyna", "language": "Belarusian", "iso_639_3": "bel", "glottocode": "bela1254"}, {"form": "mu\u017e", "language": "Czech", "iso_639_3": "ces", "glottocode": "czec1258"}, {"form": "m\u0101nche", "lang...
iecor
1
iecor:78
17
17
[{"form": "g\u016b\u0161t", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "gu\u0161t", "language": "Kurdish N.: Bahdini", "iso_639_3": "kmr", "glottocode": "nort2641"}, {"form": "gg\u016b\u015bta", "language": "Khotanese", "iso_639_3": "kho", "glottocode": "khot1251"}, {"form": ...
iecor
1
iecor:80
27
27
[{"form": "gara", "language": "Belarusian", "iso_639_3": "bel", "glottocode": "bela1254"}, {"form": "hora", "language": "Czech", "iso_639_3": "ces", "glottocode": "czec1258"}, {"form": "g\u00f3ra", "language": "Sorbian: Lower", "iso_639_3": "dsb", "glottocode": "lowe1385"}, {"form": "hora", "language": "Sorbian: Upper"...
iecor
1
iecor:81
1
1
[{"form": "khwala", "language": "Pashto", "iso_639_3": "pbu", "glottocode": "yusu1238"}]
iecor
1
iecor:82
151
151
[{"form": "\u00eam\u00ebn", "language": "Albanian: Gheg", "iso_639_3": "aln", "glottocode": "gheg1238"}, {"form": "anown", "language": "Armenian: Western", "iso_639_3": "hyw", "glottocode": "homs1234"}, {"form": "anown", "language": "Armenian: Eastern", "iso_639_3": "hye", "glottocode": "nucl1235"}, {"form": "n\u0101m"...
iecor
1
iecor:83
3
3
[{"form": "teng", "language": "Kurdish N.: Bahdini", "iso_639_3": "kmr", "glottocode": "nort2641"}, {"form": "tang", "language": "Parthian", "iso_639_3": "xpr", "glottocode": "part1239"}, {"form": "tang", "language": "Middle Persian", "iso_639_3": "xmn", "glottocode": "pahl1241"}]
iecor
1
iecor:84
20
20
[{"form": "nazd\u012bk", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "naysd\u00e4", "language": "Khotanese", "iso_639_3": "kho", "glottocode": "khot1251"}, {"form": "nazd", "language": "Middle Persian", "iso_639_3": "xmn", "glottocode": "pahl1241"}, {"form": "n\u0113zik", "lan...
iecor
1
iecor:86
140
140
[{"form": "nor", "language": "Armenian: Western", "iso_639_3": "hyw", "glottocode": "homs1234"}, {"form": "nor", "language": "Armenian: Eastern", "iso_639_3": "hye", "glottocode": "nucl1235"}, {"form": "natun", "language": "Bengali", "iso_639_3": "ben", "glottocode": "beng1280"}, {"form": "nov", "language": "Bulgarian"...
iecor
1
iecor:87
30
30
[{"form": "\u0161ab", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "i\u0161pant-", "language": "Hittite", "iso_639_3": "hit", "glottocode": "hitt1242"}, {"form": "k\u1e63\u00e1p", "language": "Vedic: Early", "iso_639_3": "san", "glottocode": "vedi1234"}, {"form": "\u0161ev", "l...
iecor
1
iecor:88
2
2
[{"form": "p\u014dz", "language": "Balochi: Sistani", "iso_639_3": "bgn", "glottocode": "west2368"}, {"form": "poza", "language": "Pashto", "iso_639_3": "pbu", "glottocode": "yusu1238"}]
iecor
1
iecor:91
137
137
[{"form": "ek", "language": "Bengali", "iso_639_3": "ben", "glottocode": "beng1280"}, {"form": "edin", "language": "Bulgarian", "iso_639_3": "bul", "glottocode": "bulg1262"}, {"form": "adz\u00ecn", "language": "Belarusian", "iso_639_3": "bel", "glottocode": "bela1254"}, {"form": "un", "language": "Catalan", "iso_639_3"...
iecor
1
iecor:94
11
11
[{"form": "b\u0101z\u012b kardan", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "b\u0101zi kerdak", "language": "Bakhtiari", "iso_639_3": "bqi", "glottocode": "bakh1245"}, {"form": "b\u0101zi konde", "language": "Mazanderani", "iso_639_3": "mzn", "glottocode": "maza1291"}, {"fo...
iecor
1
iecor:95
25
25
[{"form": "ke\u0161\u012bdan", "language": "Persian: Tehran", "iso_639_3": "pes", "glottocode": "west2369"}, {"form": "xa\u1e63\u030c-", "language": "Wakhi", "iso_639_3": "wbl", "glottocode": "wakh1245"}, {"form": "kar\u01dd\u0161\u01dd\u1e47ti", "language": "Avestan: Younger", "iso_639_3": "ave", "glottocode": "aves12...
iecor
1
iecor:98
19
19
[{"form": "s\u0259kr", "language": "Wakhi", "iso_639_3": "wbl", "glottocode": "wakh1245"}, {"form": "sor", "language": "Kurdish N.: Bahdini", "iso_639_3": "kmr", "glottocode": "nort2641"}, {"form": "syrx", "language": "Ossetic: Iron", "iso_639_3": "oss", "glottocode": "iron1242"}, {"form": "surx", "language": "Ossetic:...
iecor
1
iecor:100
1
1
[{"form": "khe", "language": "Pashto", "iso_639_3": "pbu", "glottocode": "yusu1238"}]
iecor
1
iecor:101
3
3
[{"form": "daryaw", "language": "Kashmiri", "iso_639_3": "kas", "glottocode": "kash1277"}, {"form": "dariy\u0101", "language": "Urdu", "iso_639_3": "urd", "glottocode": "urdu1245"}, {"form": "dari\u0101", "language": "Punjabi", "iso_639_3": "pan", "glottocode": "panj1256"}]
iecor
1
iecor:108
18
18
[{"form": "s\u025bkh", "language": "Kashmiri", "iso_639_3": "kas", "glottocode": "kash1277"}, {"form": "s\u00edkat\u0101", "language": "Vedic: Early", "iso_639_3": "san", "glottocode": "vedi1234"}, {"form": "siyata*", "language": "Khotanese", "iso_639_3": "kho", "glottocode": "khot1251"}, {"form": "sigad", "language": ...
iecor
1
iecor:111
3
3
[{"form": "ba\u1e25r", "language": "Kurdish N.: Bahdini", "iso_639_3": "kmr", "glottocode": "nort2641"}, {"form": "ba\u1e25r", "language": "Yaghnobi", "iso_639_3": "yai", "glottocode": "yagn1238"}, {"form": "ba\u1e25r", "language": "Kurdish C.: Jafi", "iso_639_3": "ckb", "glottocode": "cent1972"}]
iecor
1
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Etymology Atlas: Global Language Relationships

How did the word 'mother' travel from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr to modern languages across four continents? This dataset maps 4.17 million etymological relationships connecting words across 19,401 languages.

The Etymology Atlas integrates five authoritative linguistic sources into a graph structure:

  • etymology-db: 3.75 million word relationships extracted from Wiktionary, capturing borrowings, cognates, derivations, and semantic shifts
  • Glottolog: Complete catalog of the world's languages with geographic coordinates, family trees, and endangerment status
  • Lexibank IE-CoR: 4,981 expert-annotated cognate sets for Indo-European languages, the gold standard for computational historical linguistics
  • PHOIBLE: Phoneme inventories for 2,177 languages with articulatory features (manner, place, voicing)
  • WALS: 76,475 typological feature values covering word order, tone systems, case marking, and 189 other structural properties

Researchers can trace how words evolved, map language contact zones, analyze sound change patterns, or build phylogenetic models of language families. The Parquet format enables efficient querying of the full graph on a laptop.

Data sources are linked by ISO 639-3 codes and Glottocodes, enabling cross-table joins between etymology, phonology, and typology.

Files

File Records Description
etymologies.parquet 4.17M Core etymology graph
languages.parquet 19,401 Language metadata from Glottolog
cognate_sets.parquet 4,981 Expert cognate groups (IE-CoR)
phonemes.parquet 105,484 PHOIBLE phoneme data
linguistic_features.parquet 76,475 WALS typological features

Usage 

import pandas as pd

# Load the core etymology graph (4.17M word relationships)
df = pd.read_parquet("etymologies.parquet")
# Columns: word, language, relation_type, related_word, related_language

# Load language metadata
langs = pd.read_parquet("languages.parquet")
# 19,401 languages: ISO codes, coordinates, family, endangerment status

# Find all words related to 'mother' across languages
mother_cognates = df[df['word'] == 'mother']

# Join with language metadata to add coordinates
result = mother_cognates.merge(langs[['glottocode','latitude','longitude','family']], on='glottocode')

Citation 

@dataset{etymology_atlas_2026,
  title = {Etymology Atlas: Global Language Relationships},
  author = {Steuber, Luke},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18321479},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/lukeslp/etymology-atlas}
}

Visualization: Language Tree at dr.eamer.dev

Distribution

License

CC BY-SA 3.0

Author

Luke Steuber · lukesteuber.com · @lukesteuber.com
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