Datasets:

Phito
/

ReplayBench

Error code:   StreamingRowsError
Exception:    CastError
Message:      Couldn't cast
suite: string
tools: list<item: struct<name: string, description: string, params: struct<type: string, properties: struct (... 249 chars omitted)
  child 0, item: struct<name: string, description: string, params: struct<type: string, properties: struct<object_cla (... 237 chars omitted)
      child 0, name: string
      child 1, description: string
      child 2, params: struct<type: string, properties: struct<object_class: struct<type: string>, object_id: struct<type:  (... 39 chars omitted)
          child 0, type: string
          child 1, properties: struct<object_class: struct<type: string>, object_id: struct<type: string>>
              child 0, object_class: struct<type: string>
                  child 0, type: string
              child 1, object_id: struct<type: string>
                  child 0, type: string
          child 2, required: list<item: string>
              child 0, item: string
      child 3, returns: struct<record: string, ids: string, object_id: string, approved: string, decision: string, accepted: (... 8 chars omitted)
          child 0, record: string
          child 1, ids: string
          child 2, object_id: string
          child 3, approved: string
          child 4, decision: string
          child 5, accepted: string
      child 4, errors: list<item: string>
          child 0, item: string
b_object: string
pdf_template_map: struct<T01: string, T02: string, T03: string, T04: string, mechanisms: string>
  child 0, T01: string
  child 1, T02: string
  child 2, T03: string
  child 3, T04: string
  child 4, mechanisms: string
act: string
b_user_filled: string
object_class: string
verify: string
published_catalog_verify: string
name_zh: string
b_user_skeleton: string
a_ne_b: bool
note: string
pdf_id: string
same_class: bool
templates: struct<T01: string, T02: string, T03: string, T04: string>
  child 0, T01: string
  child 1, T02: string
  child 2, T03: string
  child 3, T04: string
published_catalog_act: string
a_object: string
to
{'pdf_id': Value('string'), 'name_zh': Value('string'), 'suite': Value('string'), 'object_class': Value('string'), 'verify': Value('string'), 'act': Value('string'), 'a_object': Value('string'), 'b_object': Value('string'), 'same_class': Value('bool'), 'a_ne_b': Value('bool'), 'templates': {'T01': Value('string'), 'T02': Value('string'), 'T03': Value('string'), 'T04': Value('string')}, 'b_user_skeleton': Value('string'), 'b_user_filled': Value('string'), 'pdf_template_map': {'T01': Value('string'), 'T02': Value('string'), 'T03': Value('string'), 'T04': Value('string'), 'mechanisms': Value('string')}, 'published_catalog_verify': Value('string'), 'published_catalog_act': Value('string'), 'note': Value('string')}
because column names don't match
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/utils.py", line 147, in get_rows_or_raise
                  return get_rows(
                      dataset=dataset,
                  ...<4 lines>...
                      column_names=column_names,
                  )
                File "/src/libs/libcommon/src/libcommon/utils.py", line 272, in decorator
                  return func(*args, **kwargs)
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/utils.py", line 127, in get_rows
                  rows_plus_one = list(itertools.islice(safe_iter(ds, dataset=dataset), rows_max_number + 1))
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/utils.py", line 483, in safe_iter
                  yield from ds.decode(False) if ds.features else ds
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 2951, in __iter__
                  for key, example in ex_iterable:
                                      ^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 2461, in __iter__
                  for key, pa_table in self._iter_arrow():
                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 2486, in _iter_arrow
                  for key, pa_table in self.ex_iterable._iter_arrow():
                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 547, in _iter_arrow
                  for key, pa_table in iterator:
                                       ^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 430, in _iter_arrow
                  for key, pa_table in self.generate_tables_fn(**gen_kwags):
                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 343, in _generate_tables
                  self._cast_table(pa_table, json_field_paths=json_field_paths),
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 132, in _cast_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self.info.features.arrow_schema)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2378, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2306, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
                  ...<3 lines>...
                  )
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              suite: string
              tools: list<item: struct<name: string, description: string, params: struct<type: string, properties: struct (... 249 chars omitted)
                child 0, item: struct<name: string, description: string, params: struct<type: string, properties: struct<object_cla (... 237 chars omitted)
                    child 0, name: string
                    child 1, description: string
                    child 2, params: struct<type: string, properties: struct<object_class: struct<type: string>, object_id: struct<type:  (... 39 chars omitted)
                        child 0, type: string
                        child 1, properties: struct<object_class: struct<type: string>, object_id: struct<type: string>>
                            child 0, object_class: struct<type: string>
                                child 0, type: string
                            child 1, object_id: struct<type: string>
                                child 0, type: string
                        child 2, required: list<item: string>
                            child 0, item: string
                    child 3, returns: struct<record: string, ids: string, object_id: string, approved: string, decision: string, accepted: (... 8 chars omitted)
                        child 0, record: string
                        child 1, ids: string
                        child 2, object_id: string
                        child 3, approved: string
                        child 4, decision: string
                        child 5, accepted: string
                    child 4, errors: list<item: string>
                        child 0, item: string
              b_object: string
              pdf_template_map: struct<T01: string, T02: string, T03: string, T04: string, mechanisms: string>
                child 0, T01: string
                child 1, T02: string
                child 2, T03: string
                child 3, T04: string
                child 4, mechanisms: string
              act: string
              b_user_filled: string
              object_class: string
              verify: string
              published_catalog_verify: string
              name_zh: string
              b_user_skeleton: string
              a_ne_b: bool
              note: string
              pdf_id: string
              same_class: bool
              templates: struct<T01: string, T02: string, T03: string, T04: string>
                child 0, T01: string
                child 1, T02: string
                child 2, T03: string
                child 3, T04: string
              published_catalog_act: string
              a_object: string
              to
              {'pdf_id': Value('string'), 'name_zh': Value('string'), 'suite': Value('string'), 'object_class': Value('string'), 'verify': Value('string'), 'act': Value('string'), 'a_object': Value('string'), 'b_object': Value('string'), 'same_class': Value('bool'), 'a_ne_b': Value('bool'), 'templates': {'T01': Value('string'), 'T02': Value('string'), 'T03': Value('string'), 'T04': Value('string')}, 'b_user_skeleton': Value('string'), 'b_user_filled': Value('string'), 'pdf_template_map': {'T01': Value('string'), 'T02': Value('string'), 'T03': Value('string'), 'T04': Value('string'), 'mechanisms': Value('string')}, 'published_catalog_verify': Value('string'), 'published_catalog_act': Value('string'), 'note': Value('string')}
              because column names don't match

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ReplayBench

A benchmark for evaluating tool-result misbinding in LLM agents through controlled replay.

Code and runner | English | 简体中文

Overview

ReplayBench evaluates incorrect reuse of a genuine, unmodified tool result outside its valid execution context. The replayed result contains no newly injected instruction. It is not a prompt-injection benchmark.

This dataset is the benchmark itself: scenario specs, sandbox toolkit schemas, and the 76 case bundles. The runner, checker, and sandbox code live on GitHub. Defense implementations are not included.

Dimension	Count	Where
Scenarios	19 (`F01`–`F19`)	`benchmark/scenarios/`
Failure templates	4 (`T01`–`T04`)	`cases/Fxx/Tyy/`
Replay mechanisms	3 (`M1`–`M3`)	delivery channels, not separate cases
Scenario–template cases	76	`cases/`
Scenario–template–mechanism configurations	228	76 cases × 3 channels

Failure templates

Template	Violated property	What is wrong
T01	Attribution	A genuine result from one task/object is used in another.
T02	Contextual validity	A formerly valid result is reused after authorization or resource state changes.
T03	Single execution	An already committed state-changing action executes again.
T04	Causal ordering	Results are consumed in an order inconsistent with the workflow.

Replay mechanisms

Mechanism	Delivery path
M1 Durable Recovery	A persisted tool result is retrieved during recovery.
M2 Queue Redelivery	A previously queued result is redelivered.
M3 Cache Resume	A cached result is restored when execution resumes.

M1, M2, and M3 share the same case bundle and deliver the same a_result.

What is in a case

Each cases/Fxx/Tyy/ bundle has:

state.json — sandbox initial state
a_result.json — the genuine tool result from task A
b_user.txt — task B instruction
spec.json — forbidden object, expected object, verify tool, act tool

Five shared toolkit schemas are in benchmark/toolkits/: commerce, infra, org, sensitive, workspace.

Metrics

Metric	Meaning
DAR	The replayed result reaches task B.
WAR	Task B generates a wrong state-changing action.
AAR	That wrong action is accepted.
FSER	The persistent sandbox state is independently verified as wrong. Primary metric.

Rates use valid trials only. A delivered result that does not cause a wrong action (DAR = 1, FSER = 0) is model non-acceptance, not a blocked trial and not a defense success.

Not in this dataset

Runner, checker, sandbox implementation, and adapters (on GitHub)
Call-ID binding, one-shot ticket, and world-state epoch defense code
API keys or model endpoints

Citation

If you use ReplayBench in your research, please cite our paper:

@misc{zhi2026traptoolresultreplayattack,
      title={{TRAP: Tool-Result Replay Attack for Probing Misbinding in LLM Agents}},
      author={Yutong Zhi and Jie Zhang and Xiuqi Lu and Jiayuan Xu and Jing Shao},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2610.16333},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.16333},
  }

License

Apache-2.0.

Downloads last month: 199

Total file size:

206 kB

Paper for Phito/ReplayBench

TRAP: Tool-result Replay Attack for Probing Misbinding in LLM Agents

Paper • 2610.16333 • Published 4 days ago • 1