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---
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license: cc-by-4.0
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task_categories:
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- image-classification
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- zero-shot-classification
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tags:
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- biology
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- ecology
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- wildlife
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- camera-traps
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- vision-transformers
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- clustering
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- zero-shot-learning
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- biodiversity
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- reproducibility
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- benchmarking
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- embeddings
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- dinov3
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- dinov2
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- bioclip
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- clip
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- siglip
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language:
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- en
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pretty_name: HUGO-Bench Paper Reproducibility Data
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size_categories:
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- 100K<n<1M
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source_datasets:
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- AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench
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configs:
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- config_name: primary_benchmarking
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data_files: primary_benchmarking/train-*.parquet
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default: true
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- config_name: model_comparison
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data_files: model_comparison/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: dimensionality_reduction
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data_files: dimensionality_reduction/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: clustering_supervised
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data_files: clustering_supervised/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: clustering_unsupervised
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data_files: clustering_unsupervised/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: cluster_count_prediction
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data_files: cluster_count_prediction/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: intra_species_variation
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data_files: intra_species_variation/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: scaling_tests
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data_files: scaling_tests/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: uneven_distribution
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data_files: uneven_distribution/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: subsample_definitions
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data_files: subsample_definitions/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: embeddings_dinov3_vith16plus
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data_files: embeddings_dinov3_vith16plus/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: embeddings_dinov2_vitg14
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data_files: embeddings_dinov2_vitg14/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: embeddings_bioclip2_vitl14
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data_files: embeddings_bioclip2_vitl14/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: embeddings_clip_vitl14
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data_files: embeddings_clip_vitl14/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: embeddings_siglip_vitb16
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data_files: embeddings_siglip_vitb16/train-*.parquet
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---
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# HUGO-Bench Paper Reproducibility
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**Supplementary data and reproducibility materials for the paper:**
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> **Vision Transformers for Zero-Shot Clustering of Animal Images: A Comparative Benchmarking Study**
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>
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> Hugo Markoff, Stefan Hein Bengtson, Michael Ørsted
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>
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> Aalborg University, Denmark
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## Dataset Description
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This repository contains complete experimental results, pre-computed embeddings, and execution logs from our comprehensive benchmarking study evaluating Vision Transformer models for zero-shot clustering of wildlife camera trap images.
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### Related Resources
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- **Source Images**: [AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench](https://huggingface.co/datasets/AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench) - 139,111 wildlife images
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- **Code Repository**: Coming soon
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## Repository Structure
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```
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├── primary_benchmarking/ # Main benchmark results (27,600 configurations)
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├── model_comparison/ # Cross-model comparisons
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├── dimensionality_reduction/ # UMAP/t-SNE/PCA analysis
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├── clustering_supervised/ # Supervised clustering metrics
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├── clustering_unsupervised/ # Unsupervised clustering results
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├── cluster_count_prediction/ # Optimal cluster count analysis
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├── intra_species_variation/ # Within-species cluster analysis
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│ ├── train-*.parquet # Analysis results
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│ └── cluster_image_mappings.json # Image-to-cluster assignments
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├── scaling_tests/ # Sample size scaling experiments
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├── uneven_distribution/ # Class imbalance experiments
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├── subsample_definitions/ # Reproducible subsample definitions
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├── embeddings_*/ # Pre-computed embeddings (5 models)
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│ ├── embeddings_dinov3_vith16plus/ # 120K embeddings, 1280-dim
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│ ├── embeddings_dinov2_vitg14/ # 120K embeddings, 1536-dim
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│ ├── embeddings_bioclip2_vitl14/ # 120K embeddings, 768-dim
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│ ├── embeddings_clip_vitl14/ # 120K embeddings, 768-dim
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│ └── embeddings_siglip_vitb16/ # 120K embeddings, 768-dim
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├── extreme_uneven_embeddings/ # Full dataset embeddings (PKL)
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│ ├── aves_full_dinov3_embeddings.pkl # 74,396 embeddings
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│ └── mammalia_full_dinov3_embeddings.pkl # 65,484 embeddings
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└── execution_logs/ # Experiment execution logs
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```
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## Quick Start
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### Load Primary Benchmark Results
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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# Load main benchmark results (27,600 configurations)
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ds = load_dataset("AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility", "primary_benchmarking")
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print(f"Configurations: {len(ds['train'])}")
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```
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### Load Pre-computed Embeddings
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```python
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# Load DINOv3 embeddings (120,000 images)
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embeddings = load_dataset(
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"AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility",
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"embeddings_dinov3_vith16plus"
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)
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print(f"Embeddings shape: {len(embeddings['train'])} x {len(embeddings['train'][0]['embedding'])}")
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```
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### Load Specific Analysis Results
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```python
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# Model comparison results
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model_comp = load_dataset("AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility", "model_comparison")
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# Scaling test results
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scaling = load_dataset("AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility", "scaling_tests")
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# Intra-species variation analysis
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intra = load_dataset("AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility", "intra_species_variation")
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```
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### Load Cluster Image Mappings
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The intra-species analysis includes a mapping file showing which images belong to which clusters:
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```python
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from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
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import json
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# Download mapping file
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mapping_file = hf_hub_download(
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"AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility",
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"intra_species_variation/cluster_image_mappings.json",
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repo_type="dataset"
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)
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with open(mapping_file) as f:
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mappings = json.load(f)
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# Structure: {species: {run: {cluster: [image_names]}}}
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print(f"Species analyzed: {list(mappings.keys())}")
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```
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### Load Full Dataset Embeddings
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For the extreme uneven distribution experiments, we provide full dataset embeddings:
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```python
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from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
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import pickle
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# Download Aves embeddings (74,396 images)
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pkl_file = hf_hub_download(
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"AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility",
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"extreme_uneven_embeddings/aves_full_dinov3_embeddings.pkl",
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repo_type="dataset"
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)
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with open(pkl_file, 'rb') as f:
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data = pickle.load(f)
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print(f"Embeddings: {data['embeddings'].shape}") # (74396, 1280)
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print(f"Labels: {len(data['labels'])}")
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print(f"Paths: {len(data['paths'])}")
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```
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## Experimental Setup
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### Models Evaluated
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| Model | Architecture | Embedding Dim | Pre-training |
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|-------|-------------|---------------|--------------|
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| DINOv3 | ViT-H/16+ | 1280 | Self-supervised |
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| DINOv2 | ViT-G/14 | 1536 | Self-supervised |
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| BioCLIP 2 | ViT-L/14 | 768 | Biology domain |
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| CLIP | ViT-L/14 | 768 | Contrastive |
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| SigLIP | ViT-B/16 | 768 | Sigmoid loss |
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### Clustering Methods
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- K-Means, DBSCAN, HDBSCAN, Agglomerative, Spectral
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- GMM (Gaussian Mixture Models)
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- With and without dimensionality reduction (UMAP, t-SNE, PCA)
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### Evaluation Metrics
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- **Supervised**: Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), Normalized Mutual Information (NMI), Accuracy, F1
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- **Unsupervised**: Silhouette Score, Calinski-Harabasz Index, Davies-Bouldin Index
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## Citation
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If you use this dataset, please cite:
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```bibtex
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@article{markoff2026vision,
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title={Vision Transformers for Zero-Shot Clustering of Animal Images: A Comparative Benchmarking Study},
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author={Markoff, Hugo and Bengtson, Stefan Hein and Ørsted, Michael},
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journal={[Journal/Conference]},
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year={2026}
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}
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```
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## License
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This dataset is released under the [CC-BY-4.0 License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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## Contact
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For questions or issues, please open an issue in this repository or contact the authors.
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---
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license: cc-by-4.0
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task_categories:
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- image-classification
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- zero-shot-classification
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tags:
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+
- biology
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- ecology
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- wildlife
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- camera-traps
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- vision-transformers
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- clustering
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- zero-shot-learning
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- biodiversity
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- reproducibility
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- benchmarking
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+
- embeddings
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+
- dinov3
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+
- dinov2
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+
- bioclip
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+
- clip
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+
- siglip
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+
language:
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+
- en
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+
pretty_name: HUGO-Bench Paper Reproducibility Data
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size_categories:
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- 100K<n<1M
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+
source_datasets:
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- AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench
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configs:
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- config_name: primary_benchmarking
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data_files: primary_benchmarking/train-*.parquet
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default: true
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- config_name: model_comparison
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data_files: model_comparison/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: dimensionality_reduction
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data_files: dimensionality_reduction/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: clustering_supervised
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data_files: clustering_supervised/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: clustering_unsupervised
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data_files: clustering_unsupervised/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: cluster_count_prediction
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data_files: cluster_count_prediction/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: intra_species_variation
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data_files: intra_species_variation/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: scaling_tests
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data_files: scaling_tests/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: uneven_distribution
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data_files: uneven_distribution/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: subsample_definitions
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data_files: subsample_definitions/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: embeddings_dinov3_vith16plus
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data_files: embeddings_dinov3_vith16plus/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: embeddings_dinov2_vitg14
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data_files: embeddings_dinov2_vitg14/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: embeddings_bioclip2_vitl14
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data_files: embeddings_bioclip2_vitl14/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: embeddings_clip_vitl14
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data_files: embeddings_clip_vitl14/train-*.parquet
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- config_name: embeddings_siglip_vitb16
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data_files: embeddings_siglip_vitb16/train-*.parquet
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---
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+
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# HUGO-Bench Paper Reproducibility
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+
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**Supplementary data and reproducibility materials for the paper:**
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+
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> **Vision Transformers for Zero-Shot Clustering of Animal Images: A Comparative Benchmarking Study** - https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.03894
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>
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> Hugo Markoff, Stefan Hein Bengtson, Michael Ørsted
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+
>
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> Aalborg University, Denmark
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+
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+
## Dataset Description
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+
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+
This repository contains complete experimental results, pre-computed embeddings, and execution logs from our comprehensive benchmarking study evaluating Vision Transformer models for zero-shot clustering of wildlife camera trap images.
|
| 77 |
+
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+
### Related Resources
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| 79 |
+
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+
- **Source Images**: [AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench](https://huggingface.co/datasets/AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench) - 139,111 wildlife images
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+
- **Code Repository**: Coming soon
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+
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## Repository Structure
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+
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```
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├── primary_benchmarking/ # Main benchmark results (27,600 configurations)
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├── model_comparison/ # Cross-model comparisons
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+
├── dimensionality_reduction/ # UMAP/t-SNE/PCA analysis
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+
├── clustering_supervised/ # Supervised clustering metrics
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├── clustering_unsupervised/ # Unsupervised clustering results
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├── cluster_count_prediction/ # Optimal cluster count analysis
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├── intra_species_variation/ # Within-species cluster analysis
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│ ├── train-*.parquet # Analysis results
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│ └── cluster_image_mappings.json # Image-to-cluster assignments
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+
├── scaling_tests/ # Sample size scaling experiments
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| 96 |
+
├── uneven_distribution/ # Class imbalance experiments
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| 97 |
+
├── subsample_definitions/ # Reproducible subsample definitions
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| 98 |
+
├── embeddings_*/ # Pre-computed embeddings (5 models)
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| 99 |
+
│ ├── embeddings_dinov3_vith16plus/ # 120K embeddings, 1280-dim
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| 100 |
+
│ ├── embeddings_dinov2_vitg14/ # 120K embeddings, 1536-dim
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+
│ ├── embeddings_bioclip2_vitl14/ # 120K embeddings, 768-dim
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+
│ ├── embeddings_clip_vitl14/ # 120K embeddings, 768-dim
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+
│ └── embeddings_siglip_vitb16/ # 120K embeddings, 768-dim
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├── extreme_uneven_embeddings/ # Full dataset embeddings (PKL)
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│ ├── aves_full_dinov3_embeddings.pkl # 74,396 embeddings
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│ └── mammalia_full_dinov3_embeddings.pkl # 65,484 embeddings
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└── execution_logs/ # Experiment execution logs
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```
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## Quick Start
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+
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### Load Primary Benchmark Results
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+
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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# Load main benchmark results (27,600 configurations)
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ds = load_dataset("AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility", "primary_benchmarking")
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print(f"Configurations: {len(ds['train'])}")
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```
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+
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### Load Pre-computed Embeddings
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+
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```python
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# Load DINOv3 embeddings (120,000 images)
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+
embeddings = load_dataset(
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"AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility",
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"embeddings_dinov3_vith16plus"
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)
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print(f"Embeddings shape: {len(embeddings['train'])} x {len(embeddings['train'][0]['embedding'])}")
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| 131 |
+
```
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+
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+
### Load Specific Analysis Results
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| 134 |
+
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+
```python
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+
# Model comparison results
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+
model_comp = load_dataset("AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility", "model_comparison")
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+
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| 139 |
+
# Scaling test results
|
| 140 |
+
scaling = load_dataset("AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility", "scaling_tests")
|
| 141 |
+
|
| 142 |
+
# Intra-species variation analysis
|
| 143 |
+
intra = load_dataset("AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility", "intra_species_variation")
|
| 144 |
+
```
|
| 145 |
+
|
| 146 |
+
### Load Cluster Image Mappings
|
| 147 |
+
|
| 148 |
+
The intra-species analysis includes a mapping file showing which images belong to which clusters:
|
| 149 |
+
|
| 150 |
+
```python
|
| 151 |
+
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
|
| 152 |
+
import json
|
| 153 |
+
|
| 154 |
+
# Download mapping file
|
| 155 |
+
mapping_file = hf_hub_download(
|
| 156 |
+
"AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility",
|
| 157 |
+
"intra_species_variation/cluster_image_mappings.json",
|
| 158 |
+
repo_type="dataset"
|
| 159 |
+
)
|
| 160 |
+
|
| 161 |
+
with open(mapping_file) as f:
|
| 162 |
+
mappings = json.load(f)
|
| 163 |
+
|
| 164 |
+
# Structure: {species: {run: {cluster: [image_names]}}}
|
| 165 |
+
print(f"Species analyzed: {list(mappings.keys())}")
|
| 166 |
+
```
|
| 167 |
+
|
| 168 |
+
### Load Full Dataset Embeddings
|
| 169 |
+
|
| 170 |
+
For the extreme uneven distribution experiments, we provide full dataset embeddings:
|
| 171 |
+
|
| 172 |
+
```python
|
| 173 |
+
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
|
| 174 |
+
import pickle
|
| 175 |
+
|
| 176 |
+
# Download Aves embeddings (74,396 images)
|
| 177 |
+
pkl_file = hf_hub_download(
|
| 178 |
+
"AI-EcoNet/HUGO-Bench-Paper-Reproducibility",
|
| 179 |
+
"extreme_uneven_embeddings/aves_full_dinov3_embeddings.pkl",
|
| 180 |
+
repo_type="dataset"
|
| 181 |
+
)
|
| 182 |
+
|
| 183 |
+
with open(pkl_file, 'rb') as f:
|
| 184 |
+
data = pickle.load(f)
|
| 185 |
+
|
| 186 |
+
print(f"Embeddings: {data['embeddings'].shape}") # (74396, 1280)
|
| 187 |
+
print(f"Labels: {len(data['labels'])}")
|
| 188 |
+
print(f"Paths: {len(data['paths'])}")
|
| 189 |
+
```
|
| 190 |
+
|
| 191 |
+
## Experimental Setup
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
### Models Evaluated
|
| 194 |
+
|
| 195 |
+
| Model | Architecture | Embedding Dim | Pre-training |
|
| 196 |
+
|-------|-------------|---------------|--------------|
|
| 197 |
+
| DINOv3 | ViT-H/16+ | 1280 | Self-supervised |
|
| 198 |
+
| DINOv2 | ViT-G/14 | 1536 | Self-supervised |
|
| 199 |
+
| BioCLIP 2 | ViT-L/14 | 768 | Biology domain |
|
| 200 |
+
| CLIP | ViT-L/14 | 768 | Contrastive |
|
| 201 |
+
| SigLIP | ViT-B/16 | 768 | Sigmoid loss |
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
### Clustering Methods
|
| 204 |
+
|
| 205 |
+
- K-Means, DBSCAN, HDBSCAN, Agglomerative, Spectral
|
| 206 |
+
- GMM (Gaussian Mixture Models)
|
| 207 |
+
- With and without dimensionality reduction (UMAP, t-SNE, PCA)
|
| 208 |
+
|
| 209 |
+
### Evaluation Metrics
|
| 210 |
+
|
| 211 |
+
- **Supervised**: Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), Normalized Mutual Information (NMI), Accuracy, F1
|
| 212 |
+
- **Unsupervised**: Silhouette Score, Calinski-Harabasz Index, Davies-Bouldin Index
|
| 213 |
+
|
| 214 |
+
## Citation
|
| 215 |
+
|
| 216 |
+
If you use this dataset, please cite:
|
| 217 |
+
|
| 218 |
+
```bibtex
|
| 219 |
+
@article{markoff2026vision,
|
| 220 |
+
title={Vision Transformers for Zero-Shot Clustering of Animal Images: A Comparative Benchmarking Study},
|
| 221 |
+
author={Markoff, Hugo and Bengtson, Stefan Hein and Ørsted, Michael},
|
| 222 |
+
journal={[Journal/Conference]},
|
| 223 |
+
year={2026}
|
| 224 |
+
}
|
| 225 |
+
```
|
| 226 |
+
|
| 227 |
+
## License
|
| 228 |
+
|
| 229 |
+
This dataset is released under the [CC-BY-4.0 License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
|
| 230 |
+
|
| 231 |
+
## Contact
|
| 232 |
+
|
| 233 |
+
For questions or issues, please open an issue in this repository or contact the authors.
|